In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:RUSSELL AND G. H. HARDY: A STUDY OF THEIR RELATIONSHIP I. GRATTAN-GUINNESS Faculty of Science, Engineering and Mathematics Middlesex Polytechnic Enfield, Middlesex EN3 45F, England I. INTRODUCTION Prom time to time the name of Hardy turns up in Russell's career: a common interest in set theory and the philosophy of mathematics, similar political and religious sentiments, and certain matters of mutual concern arising at Trinity College Cambridge and in (...) the university in general. However, there is no connected account of their contacts. The purpose of this article is to fill a gap in the literature on both men. After enduring private instruction at home, Bertrand Russell gained a minor scholarship in mathematics at Trinity College in 1890; he took Part I of the Mathematical Tripos until 1893 and then Part II of the Moral Sciences Tripos in the following year. In 1895 he gained a Prize Fellowship, which he held until 1901; in 19IO.he was awarded a college lectureship which he lost six years later under circumstances noted in section IV below. Much of the intervening time was spent in Oxford or London; however, he spent part of each year in Cambridge.1 The later years are brieHy recorded in section IV. Born into an intellectual family ofmodest means in 1877 (five years younger than Russell, therefore), Godfrey Harold Hardy won a scholarship to Winchester College and then went to Trinity College in I Standard biographical information on Russell is easily available; see, for example, R. W. Clark, The Life ofBertrand Russel~ specific phases and events are dealt with in succeeding footnotes. The Autobiography ofBertrand Russell is of lower quality than one might imagine; for example, Hardy is not mentioned at all! rus.ell: the Journal of the Bertrand Russell Archives McMasrer Unive~ity Library Press noS. 11 (wimer 1991-92): 165-79 ISSN 0036-01631 166 I. GRATTAN-GUINNESS 1896, just after Russell had gained his fellowship. He was elected to the Apostles (the "Society") in 1898, the year after Russell "took wings" after five years' active membership; he seems to have been less active than Russell as a speaker during his own three years there.2 At some stage he also joined the Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club, which Russell had joined in. 1891; a surprising contribution will be described in section IV.3 Graduating as fourth wrangler in Part I of the Mathematical Tripos in 1898 and gaining a high place in Part II in 1900, Hardy received at once a Prize Fellowship (like Russell). Upon its termination six years later, he obtained a colleg~ lectureship, which he held until 1919. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1910 (two years after Russell),4 and in the following year he began his life-long collaboration with his younger colleague ]. E. Littlewood (1885-1977), also a Trinity College graduate and then Fellow, and also a friend of Russell.5 The next stages of Hardy's career will be described in section IV: his personality is assessed in a concluding section v. 1 On Russell'~ and Hardy's roles in the Apostles, see passim in P. Levy, Moore: G. E Moore and the Cambridge Apostles (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979). 3 The chief obituary of Hardy is by E. C. Titchmarsh, published in slightly different forms in Obituary Notices ofthe Royal Society ofLondon, 6 (1949); 447-61, and Journal ofthe London Mathematical Society, 25 (1950): 81-101 (followed by more technical surveys of his mathematics by Titchmarsh and eight other authors on pp. 102-38). The first version is reprinted with a few changes in Hardy's Collected Papers, 7 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1966-79), I: 1-12. No major study has been written on him since. 4 Hardy was n~minated for a Royal Sociery fellowship in 1907 by A. R. Forsyth, seconded by J. W L. Glaisher, and supported "on personal knowledge" by W Burnside, E. W Hobson, P. A. MacMahon, A. N. Whitehead, A. E. H. Love, E. B. Elliott and T.]. d'A. Bromwich; the proposal was "suspended" (put up for voring) in 1908, 1909 and 1910 (Royal Sociery Cettificates, 12: foJ. 311). Although Russell was... (shrink)

《禮記•樂記》中的「理」範疇頗具討論意義。一方面在理範疇的發展 史上，它首先提出了「倫理」一詞。另一方面，它繼莊子之後，較早地使用 了「天理」的概念，並增之為「天理人欲」。在先秦所有理字的涵義中，〈樂 記〉繼承了其中「萬事萬物內在屬性和運行規律」、「天命人性之理」、「倫理」 幾個義項。從學派來看，它雜糅了儒家、道家、墨家等多家思想，而又以儒 家思想為主。形成了以理為「體」，以禮樂為「相」，以移風易俗之施為「用」 的「體─相─用」三層融通契合結構。〈樂記〉之理亦與其他哲學範疇產生密切聯繫，再現了先秦理範疇的思想脈絡。.

We have developed a new method for Japanese-to-English translation of tense, aspect, and modality that uses an example-based method. In this method the similarity between input and example sentences is defined as the degree of semantic matching between the expressions at the ends of the sentences. Our method also uses the k-nearest neighbor method in order to exclude the effects of noise; for example, wrongly tagged data in the bilingual corpora. Experiments show that our method can translate tenses, aspects, and (...) modalities more accurately than the top-level MT software currently available on the market can. Moreover, it does not require hand-craft rules. (shrink)

Five recent journal articles--including "Meaning and Synonomy in Natural Language" and "Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology"-have been appended to the main study as it first appeared in 1947, to form this second edition. The articles serve as a kind of commentary on key sections of the original work, interpreting and clarifying, sometimes modifying, a number of its doctrines.--V. C. C.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. “The Ethics of Thinking with Machines” (Lyreskog et al. 2023, 11-35) focuses on the ethical issues and debates caused by the development of brain-computer interface technology, and describes a changing moral landscape: some boundaries are blurred or broken, while some core values are reinvented. However, a constant concern underlies these changes, namely concern about “who I am.” This concern has become even more pressing in the current age of artificial (...) intelligence. (shrink)

C. C. W. Taylor presents a selection of his essays in ancient philosophy, drawn from forty years of writings on the subject. The central theme of the volume is the moral psychology of Plato and Aristotle, with a special focus on pleasure and related concepts, an area central to Greek ethical thought. Taylor also discusses Socrates and the Greek atomists, showing how Plato's ethics grows out of the thought of Socrates, and that pleasure is also a central concept for the (...) atomists. Pleasure, Mind, and Soul provides a fascinating survey of a range of important topics in the work of some of the greatest ancient philosophers, and which remain the subject of lively philosophical debate today. (shrink)

An English version of a work which has attracted wide attention since its publication in France some 15 years ago. It represents an effort to face and to resolve a problem implicit in much so-called "existential" thinking and writing, the problem of suicide: does not the existential recognition of the absurdity of life compel one to leave it? M. Camus' argument is often hard to follow, but his answer is plain: suicide is not justified, even though absurdity is inevitable; the (...) proper response to absurdity, indeed, is just the affirmation of life. We must, like Sisyphus, continue to struggle, even though the struggle nought availeth; "One must," concludes M. Camus, "imagine Sisyphus happy." The five short pieces which accompany the title essay in this volume include some examples of what M. Camus probably does best--intense evocations of the North African landscape and mood.--V. C. C. (shrink)

An exact reprint of the last corrected edition of the standard English translation of Descartes' Philosophical Works, long out of print. The Dover Press is to be commended for again making available, in compact and inexpensive form, this famous edition, indispensable to the English reader of Descartes.--V. C. C.

The purpose of this research is to develop a framework to analyze the content and a process of persuading process and its application to the communication for the debt-collecting process. It is possible for us to understand how the skilled workers have used the keyword groups concerning the motivation to pay, the payment methods and the payment confirmation in their conversations, to model a persuading process. There is no research and method to deal with a large amount of conversation logs (...) for discovering useful knowledge about a persuading process. In this paper, we were successful in discovering a part of the distinctive features of skilled workers in their conversations for the overdue payment collection, applying our method to communication data in a Japanese telecommunications company. (shrink)

In the study of automatic summarization, the main research topic was `important sentence extraction' but nowadays `sentence compression' is a hot research topic. Conventional sentence compression methods usually transform a given sentence into a parse tree or a dependency tree, and modify them to get a shorter sentence. However, this method is sometimes too rigid. In this paper, we regard sentence compression as an combinatorial optimization problem that extracts an optimal subsequence of words. Hori et al. also proposed a similar (...) method, but they used only a small number of features and their weights were tuned by hand. We introduce a large number of features such as part-of-speech bigrams and word position in the sentence. Furthermore, we train the system by discriminative learning. According to our experiments, our method obtained better score than other methods with statistical significance. (shrink)

As Active Mining is a new concept among data mining and/or knowledge discovery in databases communities, in order to validate the effectiveness, it is important to carry out empirical studies using practical data. Based on the concept of Active User Reaction, this paper develops a causal model from liver function test data in a medical domain. To develop the model, we have set a problem to predict the values of ICG test from given observation data and experts' background knowledge. We (...) therefore employ a framework of meta-learning and structural equation modeling. In this paper meta-learning means learning about mined results from multiple data-mining techniques. Structural equation modeling enables us to describe flexible models from background knowledge. The construction of the causal model contains two phases: meta-learning and the model building. The meta-learning phase utilizes both the linear regression and the neural network as data mining techniques, then examines the predictability on the given data set. Mining models are n-folded learned from the training data set. Each of the prediction accuracy of the mining models is compared using with the testing data. On the model building phase, we use structural equation modeling to develop a causal model based on results of meta-learning and background knowledge. We again compare the accuracy of the causal model with each of the mining models. Consequently we have developed the causal model, which is comprehensible and have good predictive performance, via the meta-learning phase. Through the empirical study, we have got the conclusion that the framework of meta-learning is effective in data mining in a difficult medical domain. (shrink)

This paper describes a definition of complexity of questions for a question and answer function in an intelligent support system for English learning, and its evaluation. To realize adaptive question and answer, the system should generates questions depending on both educational intentions and the learner's understanding state. For generating suitable questions for the learner automatically, we must investigate the factors which influence difficulty of questions, and prepare the mechanism to calculate the difficulty. The difficulty is composed of the learner dependent (...) part and the independent part. The former is evaluated by referring to a student model. The latter is defined by enumerating factors which influence complexity of questions. We present a definition of the complexity along with learners' answering flow; understanding text sentences, understanding a question and composing an answer. Moreover, we describe experimentation comparing the complexity of questions calculated by computer according to the definition with the complexity evaluated by human. (shrink)

The “Game of Life” acquires the property of significant behavior, such as universal computation, selforganized criticality and 1/f fluctuation, which depends on initial configurations. Our research investigates the relationship between the transient behavior starting from random initial configurations and array size in the Game of Life. The simulations show that the average transient time ‹T› increases logarithmically with square array size N×N, ‹T›∼logN in null and periodic boundary conditions. This result suggests that the duration of 1/f fluctuation in the “Game (...) of Life” lengthens infinitely in infinite array size. (shrink)

This paper proposes an aggregation pheromone system for solving real-parameter optimization problems using the collective behavior of individuals which communicate using aggregation pheromones. APS was tested on several test functions used in evolutionary computation. The results showed APS could solve real-parameter optimization problems fairly well. The sensitivity analysis of control parameters of APS is also studied.

Hume's Inquiry, newly presented in compact and attractive form. The edition includes Hume's autobiography, theof the Treatise and a bibliography; the variations from the text of 1777 are printed as footnotes. The editor's introduction provides an illuminating outline of the argument of the Inquiry, using the Treatise Abstract as a guide, and gives helpful background information.--V. C. C.

Lazare Carnot was the unique example in the history of science of someone who inadvertently owed the scientific recognition he eventually achieved to earlier political prominence. He and his son Sadi produced work that derived from their training as engineers and went largely unnoticed by physicists for a generation or more, even though their respective work introduced concepts that proved fundamental when taken up later by other hands. There was, moreover, a filial as well as substantive relation between the work (...) of father and son. Sadi applied to the functioning of heat engines the analysis that his father had developed in his study of the operation of ordinary machines. Specifically, Sadi's idea of a reversible process originated in the use his father made of geometric motions in the analysis of machines in general. (shrink)

A reprint edition of Russell's early work, based on his Cambridge dissertation, on the philosophical problems of geometry, first published in 1897. A helpful foreword by Morris Kline is new to this edition.--V. C. C.

Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Books II--IV Translated with an introduction and commentary.

Maritain's first book, published in France in 1913, and now translated into English for the first time. It marks, historically, one of the earliest expressions of that revived Thomism which has played such a large part in the intellectual life of contemporary France; and it represents, systematically, one of the most detailed and persistent "intellectualist" answers to the Bergsonian critique of "intellectualist" philosophies. The translators have done about as good a job as is possible in rendering what Maritain himself calls (...) the book's "turgidity, the uncompromising bombast of its style."--V. C. C. (shrink)

Concerns about exploiting the poor or economically disadvantaged in clinical research are widespread in the bioethics community. For some, any research that involves economically disadvantaged individuals is de facto ethically problematic. The economically disadvantaged are thought of as “venerable” to exploitation, impaired decision making, or both, thus requiring either special protections or complete exclusion from research. A closer examination of the worries about vulnerabilities among the economically disadvantaged reveals that some of these worries are empirically or logically untenable, while others (...) can be better resolved by improved study designs than by blanket exclusion of poorer individuals from research participation. The scientific objective to generate generalisable results and the ethical objective to fairly distribute both the risks and benefits of research oblige researchers not to unnecessarily bar economically disadvantaged subjects from clinical research participation. (shrink)

The distinctive feature of this new edition is its inclusion of the handwritten marginal notes in Hegel's own copy of the Rechtsphilosophie. These were published separately by Lasson in 1914 and again in 1930, but have been re-edited for the present volume, with a number of mistakes corrected. A second volume, now in preparation, is to contain a re-edited set of the Zusätze to Hegel's lectures on Rechtsphilosophie, gathered from the notes of his students. The two volumes together will certainly (...) stand as the definitive source of Hegel's teaching in this area for a long time to come.--V. C. C. (shrink)

A photographic reprint of Santayana's classic essay in epistemology, in inexpensive yet attractive form.--V. C. C.